@proceedings {2022,
	title = {Comparing Musicians and Non-musicians{\textquoteright} Expectations in Music and Vision},
	year = {2022},
	month = {09/2022},
	pages = {1-8},
	publisher = {ACM},
	address = {Austria and online},
	abstract = {The role of expectation in music has been of research interest for decades. Expectation mechanisms have also received considerable attention in vision, due in part to the widespread interest in predictive coding. Past research has uncovered different types of expectations that may be formed when exposed to a sequential stimulus, such as schematic expectation (based on general knowledge) and dynamic expectation (based on properties within the current stimulus). Yet to our knowledge, a direct comparison of the relative contribution of these types of expectation has not been performed within the same subjects through careful manipulation of stimuli, nor has this comparison been made across the musical and visual domains. This listener study aims to uncover the relative influence of dynamic and schematic expectations in musical and visual stimuli, and investigate the role of expertise in forming expectations by testin g both musicians and non-musicians. Our findings suggest that musicians are indeed more sensitive than non-musicians to the dynamic and schematic properties of musical stimuli, and they generally produce a wider range of expectedness ratings than non-musicians. Interestingly, musicians also interpret schematic information in the visual condition differently than non-musicians, suggesting that musical training may have influenced their expectation mechanisms more generally.},
	keywords = {cross-modal comparison, Expectation, music, musician vs non-musician, vision},
	author = {Kat R Agres and Ting Yuan Tay and Marcus Pearce}
}
@article {2017,
	title = {Information-Theoretic Properties of Auditory Sequences Dynamically Influence Expectation and Memory},
	journal = {Cognitive Science},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2018},
	month = {01/2018},
	pages = {43-76},
	abstract = {A basic function of cognition is to detect regularities in sensory input to facilitate the prediction and recognition of future events. It has been proposed that these implicit expectations arise from an internal predictive coding model, based on knowledge acquired through processes such as statistical learning, but it is unclear how different types of statistical information affect listeners{\textquoteright} memory for auditory stimuli. We used a combination of behavioral and computational methods to investigate memory for non-linguistic auditory sequences. Participants repeatedly heard tone sequences varying systematically in their information-theoretic properties. Expectedness ratings of tones were collected during three listening sessions, and a recognition memory test was given after each session. Information-theoretic measures of sequential predictability significantly influenced listeners{\textquoteright} expectedness ratings, and variations in these properties had a significant impact on memory performance. Predictable sequences yielded increasingly better memory performance with increasing exposure. Computational simulations using a probabilistic model of auditory expectation suggest that listeners dynamically formed a new, and increasingly accurate, implicit cognitive model of the information-theoretic structure of the sequences throughout the experimental session.},
	keywords = {Auditory perception, computational modeling, Expectation, Information theory, music cognition, Predictive coding, Recognition memory},
	issn = {1551-6709},
	doi = {10.1111/cogs.12477},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12477},
	author = {Agres, Kat and Abdallah, Samer and Pearce, Marcus}
}
